Ways+of+Knowing


 * Senses || Success || Failure ||
 * Smell || I was in my favorite resturant olive's gardin and theres this one dish I order all the time, I thought I smelled my dish coming at it was. || I once came home really hungry and I thought I smelt my favorite dish tht my mom makes but it turned out to be one of my least favorite dish. ||
 * Touch || playing a game of touch and guess and guessing the things you touch right. || the other day when we were touching the thing in the box I felt like it was a ball of Goo and I was grossed out but it turned out to be a ball with a plastic bag around it. ||
 * Taste || tasting two samples that aren't labeled one with cocacola and the other with pepsi in it and knowing which one is which || I was eating a cupcake and my mom asks me if I could try the food because she wasn’t sure if it had enough salt, I tried it and I thought it was really salty when it later turned out that it actually needed a lot of salt ||
 * Sight || seeing someone just from the corner of your eye and instantly knowing it is them. || I was about 6 years old in KFUPM and I thought I was showing my mom and dad something I wanted to buy. But it turned out that they werent my parents. ||
 * Hear || I thought I was hearing my name being called from downstairs even though I had my door closed and headphones in playing really loud music and I was right || This summer we were at camp and I thought I kept hearing a snake hissing, and it was a conincedince that it usually hissed when we were all quite, or we only heard it then in our cabin and couldn’t sleep most of the time cause I was scared, it then turned out that the A/C in the room worked on water and the hissing sound was the AC. ||

Perception
What are the primary ways in which we know the world around us? Through our five senses: Sight, taste, touch, hearing, smell.

Are there stages to perception?
Here are some recognized stages. Define them and find examples: -filtering: it is when you choosing to "pay attention" to one thing that you sense for example while sitting in class you filter out the white noise of the laptops and A/C and only pay attention to the person talking. -halo and horn effect: it is the way the human defines the situation as a bad or good event for example if you see one person calling your name coming towards you the horn effect would be that you think that they are going to do something bad the halo effect makes you think that they are carrying good news. -organizing : taking in information and processing it in order to identify the object one is sensing. -stereotyping: once the brain organizes the information it took in, it starts to link it to similar situations and makes an assumption that it is the same. for example the most common type of stereotyping is against races, the individual sees someone from a certain race and makes the assumption that this person is supposed to act in a certain way due to where they are from. -filling in information: When sensing information you take that information and adding more in order to try to identify the object. -interpretation: After sensing something you analyze the situation and break it down to what it means, for example seeing someone crying and interpreting that they had a bad week/day or just got some bad news.

Perceptual Illusions
Is your perception always accurate? Provide examples of when it is trustworthy, and when it might not be. No, perception can be deceiving sometimes, for example if a person thinks they heard someone call them but it turns out no one was, that is an example of your senses being untrustworthy. Am example of your senses being trustworthy if for example you smell something and know what it is.

Are people’s perceptions the same? How do you know this? Does this invalidate your or another person’s experience? No people's perceptions may differ, for example if two people are presented with the same image like (http://www.yeeeeee.com/wp-content/2008/12/bad-eyes2.jpg) one might interpret it differently from the other person.

Why might misperceptions occur? Misperceptions could be based on many factors like

Selectivity of Perception
How do we validate our perceptions? Do we ignore some and rely more heavily on others? Why? Most people would validate their senses by comparing them to what other people may sense, for example if someone thinks they hear a scream coming from the next room, they ask a person near by if they hear it too in order to validate his hearing. I definitely think we rely on some more than others, for example some people rely on sight entirely and that it mainly because with sight, most people think that it would be much easier to (for example) know that the A/C is definetly working by looking at the thermometer instead of just listening to it.

What things might affect how you interpret your perceptions? Is this selectivity conscious or unconscious? There are many factors that affect the way you interpret things which is usually unconscious, in my opinion the main things that affect the way you interpret things are experience, childhood, and religion or culture.

Can you provide reasons why people perceive things differently? Explain It could be either because of physical limitations cultural/religious background, or experience. For example if one had bad eye sight they would not be able to perceive something the same way someone with good vision. Another example would be that if in one's culture consuming alcoholic drinks are unacceptable, one might see drinking as a very unacceptable thing while someone else thinks that it is a normal thing to do. And finally the lat example would be that if for example a person had been through a hard time in his life like losing someone dear to them, he or she would perceive death differently from someone who never went through that experience.

**The nature of emotions**
What is the underlying nature of our emotions? Common: Emotion is what we feel, for example if one cries, it is because they are sad, and they are sad because they have just experienced some unfortunate situation for example if Abdullah's guitar string broke, he would be upset or sad. Uncommon: Emotion is like a tree diagram meaning that the tree starts at emotion, develops into how you feel then into the reaction to your emotion. This reaction could drop another seed or in other words start another tree of emotion. Class work: Instinctive feeling- chemicals and influence bye environment.  Feeling caused by events.  What we feel e.g. crying  Feelings affected by background  Spectrum of feelings within people  From our hearts - unconscious feelings  Cycle: use perception to process  Brain -> heart -> perception  Like a tree diagram  Metaphor - reaction to emotion could come down and be a seed for another tree cycle  Perceive first as we face + feel emotions

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When you feel an emotion, how do you know you are feeling that way? Can you explain why you are having this emotion? I believe that almost no one can explain how they know that they feel a certain way, but most people can tell that they are feeling someway because of the way they start behaving. For example if one is saddened, he or she will express it in a way or another by either crying ( which is most common), listening to a specific type of music, talk to someone they are close with, etc. Usually emotions are triggered by the way we perceive situations or biological or medical reasons. For example a student may get a bad yet best grade in class on a test and they may be saddened if they perceive it as getting a bad grade but if they perceive it as getting the best grade in class then they would probably feel differently.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Describe the process by which you develop an emotion. In what ways do we describe emotions through language? In my opinion the process in which most people develop an emotion is usually first recognized as a gut feeling that makes you either smile, frown, or anything. Expressing emotion through language is usually a difficult thing to do for most people, but when people do try to express themselfs about how they feel i think that they mainly focus on their reactions or possible reactions to their feelings for example "I was so mad I wanted to punch someone!" even if they don't actually do that it is just a way of expressing how angry they were.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Can you reason about emotions? As I mentioned earlier, emotions are usually caused by situations, for example feeling happy because you recently contacted a close friend that you havent seen for a while.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What things influence your emotions? I think that things that influence your emotions are definitely things like the way you were brought up, for example if you were brought up in a home that taught you to care a lot about grades for example and you failed a test you would be devastated but on the other hand if you were brought up in a home where grades are not a great issue then you may fail the same test and feel indifferent about it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Are controlling emotions a good or a bad thing? Explain with examples. Controlling emotions is a good thing in my opinion for example if you go to BurgerKing and you find out they don't have apple pie today after you have walked a while there just to get apple pie you may feel angry and in this situation it would be a good thing to control your emotion and just forget about it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> How do emotions change as you get older? Why does this happen? I think it is mainly because as we grow older our priorities change and so our emotions towards things change too.

Are emotions influenced by culture? Emotion could very possibly be influenced by culture because if for example one thing is unacceptable in one culture a person from this culture may feel hatred towards such a thing and vise versa. ===<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions as obstacle ** === <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions affect the way we understand something? Yes, because emotion clouds the way we perceive things for example a person may feel very strongly about something which is wrong information and may not even listen if someone else was trying to tell them that they were wrong because they feel strongly about the subject.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Can emotions limit the reliability or even the validity of a knowledge claim? Provide examples. Yes, just as I mentioned in the previous answer, one might know that what they are claiming is wrong, but because of emotional attachment they would never admit that they are wrong and so giving out false information. For example of there was a war occurring between two countries, country A and country B, the person from country A may say things about country B that is not true and he knows that it isn't true yet he says because of emotional attachment.

Can emotional responses be misunderstood by others? How do you get around that? Emotional responses could be very easily misinterpreted for example if ===<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions as source ** === <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions be an important aspect of creating knowledge? Provide examples. Yes, because of emotion we can create subjective truths.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What is emotional intelligence? "Emotional intelligence (EI) describes the ability, capacity, skill or, in the case of the trait EI model, a self-perceived ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of one's self, of others, and of groups."

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can you classify emotions? What categories could you create? I think i would create 2 or 3 categories 1 being "emotions that make you feel good" 2 "emotions that make you feel bad" 3 "emotions that make you feel indifferent"

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Reason**
<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Syllogisms:** <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">1. Two true premises, and a true conclusion There is usually a bus available that goes to school everyday I take the bus when it's available therefore I usually ride the bus to school

2. One true premise, one false premise, and a true conclusion Tim O'Brien wrote many war books The Things They Carried is a war book (it isn't according to him its a book about love, life, etc.) The Things They Carried is written by O'Brien

3.One true premise, one false premise and a false conclusion The average age in the 11th grade is between 16 and 17 years old, People who are under 16 cannot be in 11th grade Therefore because I am 15 I cannot be in 11th grade.

4.Two false premises and a true conclusion

5.Two false premises and a false conclusion All pens created in Saudi Arabia are red I bought a pen created in Saudi Arabia Therefore the pen I bought has to be red.

Are you always reasonable in your reasoning? What does that mean? No, the logic you work with can sometimes be flawed. For example if you say " All swans I've seen are white, therefore all swans are white" your logic is flawed.

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**The Nature of Reasoning**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What exactly is reasoning? Reasoning is using logic to come up with a conclusion as shown before in the Syllogisms

What does the process of reasoning entail?

Is there good and bad reasoning? Definitely, for example

Is there a history of reasoning? According to Wikipedia "It is likely that humans have used reasoning to work out what they should believe or do for a very long time. However, some researchers have tried to determine when, in the history of human development, humans began using formal techniques of reasoning."

===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** ** ===

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Types of Reasoning**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What are inductive and deductive processes of reasoning? What is informal reasoning? <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿Inductive process of reasoning is assuming an answer to something due to an past experience for example if you experienced being left behind by friends and everytime that happened to you, you ended up sitting alone, and so you think that each person that is sitting alone has been abandoned by freinds. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿Deductive process of reasoning in which you take a general well known idea and assume that it applies to every situation an example of that is steriotypes for example if you seen a muslim person you assume that they know arabic very well.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is reasoning done to produce knowledge about something specific, or something in general? How is this done? Provide examples of each. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ﻿It could be used to do both for example to produce something specific you may know that because you have experienced that each morning before 7 am the school doors are not open. And you could use it to produce knowledge about something general to carry on the previous example if you forgot something in school and went back later at night to retrive it and you assume that the door is locked because it is only opened at 7 am and most schools are usually locked after a certian time.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What role does time play in judging the truth value of your reasoning, whether inductive or deductive? <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I think time plays a big role in judging the truth value of your reasoning for example if you thought that all Germans for example were light skinned with colored eyes and over time you meet someone with dark brown eyes and tanned skin that is German.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How do you know if you are doing it correctly or not? When is it valid or invalid? When is it true or false? Does it always lead to truth? Create syllogisms and let's see - visit<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism for examples.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Are all types of reasoning reliable? How do you know this? Check these fallacies: let's find examples in your life of when they occur - <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/toc.htm

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the relationship of reasoning to knowledge, the creation or discovery of knowledge, and ultimately, to truth?

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What is the difference between empiricism and rationalism? Which do you think explains reality with greater accuracy? Provide examples of each. Visit:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What sorts of things might influence reasoning?

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What is the relationship of the other WOKs to reasoning?

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Possible Activity: Logic formulations – use Oxford text p. 68-72 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Also do activity p. 73: find an editorial article and identify the premise and conclusion. Share and compare.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Truth requires an examination of content and meaning

** Language **
<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Chedder (F) || <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Loving life (F)  || <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Sun   ||
 * <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Mozzerella (L) || <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Playing the piano (F)  || <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Light (L)  ||
 * <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Cheerios (F) || <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Fishing (F)  || <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 145.35pt; text-autospace: none;"> Happiness (f)  ||

<span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">Individual(left) --- Group(center) --- Universal(right) ||
 * [[image:Arrow.png]]